Friday, 15 April 2016

MANAGING THE HIV/AIDS PANDEMIC IN NIGERIA – THE JOURNEY SO FAR



It is no longer news that Nigeria has the 3rd largest population of HIV/AIDS infected people in the world after India and South Africa. At the moment, it is estimated that 5.8% of the total population of 120 million people are those living with HIV/AIDS.

The Nigerian government and various non-governmental organisations have made efforts to reduce the spread of the virus and discourage discrimination of infected individuals through public enlightenment campaigns, media advertisement, procurement and subsidence of antiretroviral drugs, and so on. However, the efforts of the Nigerian government and these non-governmental organisations have been confronted by a number of challenges including: -

a.         Carelessness and unethical practices of Nigerian health care providers: The health care system of any country is a key player in the reduction of the spread of HIV/AIDS through proper patient – education, procurement and even distribution of antiretrovirals throughout the country. In Nigeria, however, a lot of health care providers and medical practitioners are careless, carrying out surgical procedures without proper sterilization of surgical equipment and transfusing unscreened blood to patients, putting them at risk of contracting this dreaded virus. An incident which turned into a very big scandal occurred in the Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH). It was the case of baby Eniola, who had anaemia and needed immediate blood transfusion. The father of the baby donated his blood which was screened properly and discovered to be compatible with that of the baby. This blood was never transfused to the baby, instead some other unscreened blood was taken from the blood bank and transfused into the baby. The baby became sick again and was later found to be HIV positive. The scandal resulted in the sack of the Chief Medical Director and the entire staff of the haematological department of the hospital, but the harm had already been done. Baby Eniola was robbed of a life she was barely beginning to understand.

b.         Cultural Factors: People have stubbornly refused to use preventive measures like condoms, which are seen as taboos in many areas of the country, some people find condoms totally unacceptable, claiming that condoms make intercourse less enjoyable. Public enlightenment campaigns have been seen by many as being doctored by the government in a bid to discourage population explosion since she cannot cater for the entirety of the Nigerian population as 60% of this population still live below the poverty line.

c.      Discrimination of HIV/AIDS infected people: This has discouraged people from getting themselves tested and knowing their HIV status. Very few people who test positive agree to come public to discourage the spread of the scourge and discrimination of infected people. Most of those who agree to come public do that either with covered faces or with their backs to the screen for fear of being discriminated against.
    The Catholic Church in Nigeria is not helping issues. The church insists on knowing the HIV status of couples before marriage and refuses to marry HIV positive couples. This is very wrong and a lot of people would go as far as forging results to get married in the church.


 Efforts will continue to be made by the government, private health care providers, non-           governmental organisations and the media to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS in Nigeria and with time, the desired objectives will be achieved.

Thursday, 14 April 2016

10 Active Sportsmen Who Were Betrayed By Their Own Bodies



Sports involve physical exertion and skill, performed by individuals who compete against each other for entertainment. We view sportsmen as being healthy and in great physical shape but some sportsmen have had the very bodies responsible for their rise to fame turn around and betray them. It is now slowly becoming obvious to us that being in great physical shape does not necessarily guarantee a long life.

10. Lou Gehrig

Henry Louis Gehrig was born on June 19, 1903. He was an American baseball first baseman who played 17 seasons in major league baseball from 1923 to 1929 for the New York Yankees. He was also one of only 7 major league players who had more than 100 extra base hits in one season, a feat which he achieved twice. The only other person to achieve this was Chuck Klein.

In 1938, Gehrig began to have difficulty with simple tasks like tying his shoe laces. He was also finding it difficult to maintain his winning streak. The following year he was diagnosed with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. He retired that same year with a ground breaking emotional speech that left fans and reporters teary eyed . Gehrig passed away in his sleep nearly 2 years later, on June 2, 1941. He was 37.
The ALS association website has a powerful quote that states “Someday we’ll be able to name a cure after Lou Gehrig instead of a disease”.

9. Brian Piccolo


Louis Brian Piccolo was born on October 31, 1943. He was a professional football player who played for the Chicago bears as a running back.
On November 16, 1969, Piccolo removed himself from a game in Atlanta because he was disturbed by chest pains and persistent cough. 2 days later, a chest x-ray revealed the presence of a tumor and Piccolo was sent to New York’s memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer center, where he underwent surgery to remove the malignant tumor. His doctor found out that the cancer had spread.
Piccolo was diagnosed with embryonal cell carcinoma which is a form of cancer that occurs most commonly in the male testes. Brian Piccolo died on June 16 1970. He was only 26 years old. In 1980, Wake Forest University students created the Brian Piccolo cancer fund drive.
Today, testicular cancer is highly treatable even when the cancer spreads beyond the testicle.

8. Darryl Kile

Darryl Andrew Kile was born on December 2, 1968. He was an American major league Baseball starting pitcher who pitched from 1991 t0 2002. He was found dead in his hotel room by hotel staff who forced their way in when worried teammates called to find out why Kile had not shown up for a game he was having that day. He was said to have complained of shoulder pain and weakness the night before he died.
An autopsy on the sports star revealed a narrowing of 2 out of his 3 coronary arteries by 80-90% and a heart which was almost 25% larger than normal. The medical examiner believed Kile’s condition, diagnosed as coronary artherosclerosis or hardening of the arteries caused him to have an erratic heart beat that resulted in his death.
Kile was only 33 at the time of his death on June 22, 2002. The Darryl Kile award is presented annually to the St. Louis Cardinals and Houston Astros player who best exemplifies Kile’s trait of “a good teammate, great friend, a fine father and a humble man”.
7. Hank Gathers

Eric “Hank” Gathers was born on February 11, 1967. He was an American college basketball star, a student of Loyola Marymount University, who in March 1989 was named the most valuable player in the west coast athletic conference to lead the 10-man team.
Gathers had fainted previously on the court and was placed on a heart medication after being found to suffer from exercise induced ventricular tachycardia. He felt that the medication adversely affected his performance and his dosage was cut back. On March 4, 1990, the basketball star collapsed on the court in Los Angeles at the West Coast Conference semifinal game against the Portland Pilots, shortly after scoring his trademark tomahawk dunk. He died thereafter at a nearby hospital at the age of 23.
An autopsy conducted revealed the cause of death as cardiomyopathy, a heart muscle disorder. The autopsy also revealed he had not been taking his medication.
Almost 3 years later, in 1993, Gathers cousin, Joseph Marable collapsed and died on the court in an eerily similar manner.

6. Chuck Hughes

Charles Frederick “Chuck” Hughes was born on March 2, 1943. He was an American football player who started his football career at Texas Western College. He played for the Philadelphia Eagles and Detroit Lions before his untimely death. On October 24, 1971, Hughes collapsed in the middle of a game. All efforts by the team doctor to resuscitate him proved unsuccessful.
An autopsy performed on the player revealed that one of his arteries was severely clogged and that a blood clot had broken loose and become trapped in the artery, cutting off blood supply to the heart muscle. He remains to this day, the only NFL player to die on the field.

5. Reggie Lewis

Reggie Lewis was born on November 21, 1965. He was an American professional basketball player who played for the NBA’s Boston Celtics from 1987 to 1993. Lewis attended Northeastern University in Boston, where he set an all-time record of 2,708 points which is yet to be broken. By his death, he was one of only 6 players who posted at least 7500 points, 1500 rebounds, 1000 assists and 500 steals from 1988-1993 .
The Celtics player had collapsed previously before his eventual death on July 27 1993 after collapsing during a light workout. He was only 27 and the father of a 1 year old son. Ironically, after a collapse in April, 1993, he told a Boston reporter “I was scared. I started having flashbacks to that Hank Gathers thing”. He was referring to the death of Hank Gathers, a Loyola Marymount star after a game in Los Angeles on March 4, 1990.
Lewis was reportedly born with a heart murmur and came from a family with a history of cardiac diseases. Autopsy results at the time of his death revealed a large extensive scarred heart. The cause of scar tissue was not determined.

4. Joe Roth

Joe Roth was born on May 29 1955. He was an all American quarterback at the University of California, Berkeley. Roth was diagnosed a few weeks into the season in the fall of 1976 with a recurrence of melanoma, a condition he had been treated for as a teenager in El Cajon.
Says his former coach Mike White in an interview “He never complained, never took a day off, no matter how bad he felt. I’ve learned more about life from him than any other player I’ve been around. After he passed away, his teammates wore a patch on their uniforms with his number- No. 12- and the words ‘faith, humility, courage’. That was Joe” .
Joe Roth participated in 3 college football all-star games shortly before his death. He also continued actively in his academics, submitting a paper 10 days before he died. He died on February 19 1977 in the presence of family and friends. Roth was only 21.

3. Jason Collier

Jason Jeffery Collier was born on September 8, 1977. He was an American professional basketball player who played in the NBA. Collier was a part time starting center before his death, after playing mostly as a backup for 3 years at Houston. Collier turned down various lucrative offers to play in Europe so that he could be closer to his wife who was pregnant with their daughter.
He died in an ambulance on his way to the hospital on October 15, 2005. He was only 28. An autopsy revealed the player died from a sudden heart rhythm disturbance caused by an abnormally enlarged heart. He was 28 years old.

2. Ernie Davis

Ernie Davis was born on December 14, 1939. He was an American football halfback who was the first African American athlete to win the Heisman Trophy in 1961 and was the No. 1 pick in the NFL draft. Davis never realized his dream of playing in the NFL. His family and friends began to notice a change in his demeanor following the draft, testifying that he appeared sluggish and tired. The player also revealed his gums had been bleeding and was admitted to Evanston Hospital, where tests revealed that he had acute monocytic leukemia with less than a year to live.
Ernie Davis died on May 18, 1963. He was only 23. “The express” is a film which chronicles Davis’ brief but impactful life.

1.       Antonio Puerta

Antonio José Puerta Pérez was born on 26 November 1984. He was a Spanish footballer who played for Sevilla FC. On August 25, 2007, Puerta collapsed during a Primera Liga Match. He collapsed again in the changing rooms and was resuscitated before being transported to hospital where he later died.
Puerta’s cause of death was revealed to be multiple organ failure caused by prolonged cardiac arrest.

Thursday, 3 December 2015

HOW INTELLIGENT ARE YOU?

Estimated IQs of some of the Greatest Geniuses

Name Nationality Description IQ
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Germany Poet/Writer. Universal genius. 210
Emanuel Swedenborg Sweden Religious writer. Universal genius. 205
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz Germany Philosopher/Mathematician, etc. The greatest universal genius together with Leonardo da Vinci. 205
John Stuart Mill England Philosopher/Economist/Political theorist 200
Blaise Pascal France Mathematician/Physicist/Religious thinker 195
Ludwig Wittgenstein Austria Philosopher 190
Bobby Fischer U.S.A. Chess player 187
Galileo Galilei Italy Physicist/Astronomer/Philosopher 185
René Descartes France Philosopher/Mathematician 180
Madame De Stael France Woman of letters/Novelist/Political Philosopher 180
Immanuel Kant Germany Philosopher 175
Sofia Kovalevskaya Russia/Sweden Mathematician/Writer 170
Thomas Chatterton England Poet/Writer 170
Charles Darwin England Naturalist 165
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Austria Composer 165
Albert Einstein Germany Mathematician/Physicist 161
George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) England Writer - Close friend to J.S. Mill. 160
Nicolaus Copernicus Poland Cleric/Astronomer 160
Rembrandt van Rijn Holland Painter/Etcher 155
George Sand (Aurore Dupin) France Writer 150                                       

culled from 

http://www.free-iqtest.net/genius-iq.asp

SIGNS YOU MIGHT BE BIPOLAR

culled

Bipolar affective disorder is a psychiatric illness characterised by extreme mood swings. Like a pendulum, the mood of those affected swing from highs of extreme excitement (mania) to lows of depression. In a manic state, the person might be overly happy or agitated, go on a spending spree, party excessively while in a depressive state the person might sleep for very long hours, experience undue fatigue and be sad, unhappy and suicidal. This disorder is extremely hard to diagnose. However there are a number of pointers and signs which can help you know if you or your loved one may be suffering from it.

Monday, 30 November 2015

HEART ATTACK



culled pic

Heart attack, also called myocardial infarction is a silent killer. A recent study showed that it affects more than 3 million people in the United States alone yearly. 

Saturday, 28 November 2015

HEALTH BENEFITS OF CRANBERRIES

Cranberries are not only delicious! They are also healthy and nutritious. The health benefits of consuming cranberries are numerous. They include:
  • WEIGHT LOSS DIET PLAN: Their very low calorie content makes them good choices as part of weight loss diet plans. The high fibre content of cranberries is also thought to block Leptin, the "obesity hormone" thereby enhancing weight loss. 
  • ANTIBIOTIC AGAINST UTIs: Cranberries contain Proanthocyanidins (PACs) that reduces the binding of certain bacteria to the walls of the urinary tract thereby reducing their ability to cause infections. People with Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) have reported an alleviation of symptoms in as little as one week of regular cranberry consumption.
  • ANTICANCER/ANTITUMOR: A research published by the US National library of medicine and National institute of health further validates the claim that cranberries posses anticancer properties. According to the report, Proanthocyanidin oligomers, flavonol and anthocyanin glycosides and triterpenoids are all likely contributors to the observed anticancer properties and may act in a complementary fashion to limit carcinogenesis.
Cranberries have also been found to be helpful in the management of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Their high antioxidant properties also help in the elimination of free radicals from the body.

HIGH POTENCY CANNABIS DAMAGES KEY BRAIN STRUCTURE

Researchers found the use of high-potency cannabis damaged the corpus callosum of the brain - a structure that aids communication between the right and left hemispheres.



Researchers have previously linked the use of high-potency, "skunk-like" cannabis to increased risk for psychosis - an effect that has been attributed to alterations in brain structure. Now, a new study finds frequent use of the drug damages a key part of the brain that aids communication between the right and left hemispheres, independent of psychosis.
Senior researcher Dr. Paola Dazzan, of the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience at King's College London in the UK, and colleagues publish their findings in the journal Psychological Science.

In the US, cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug. Skunk is a more potent form of cannabis, typically stronger in smell and containing higher levels of the main active ingredient delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
Studies have increasingly associated the use of skunk cannabis with increased risk of psychosis - a term used to describe hallucinations and delusions that arise from some mental disorders, such as schizophrenia. Another study by King's College published earlier this year, for example, linked high-potency skunk use to a fivefold greater psychosis risk.
For this latest study, Dr. Dazzan and colleagues investigated how the high-potency drug affects brain structure. They note that gaining a better understanding of this association is important, particularly since levels of THC in skunk-like cannabis have been increasing in recent years, and this ingredient itself has been linked to increased psychosis risk.

Heavy users of high-potency cannabis showed greatest brain damage

To reach their findings, the team enrolled 54 individuals with first-episode psychosis and 43 healthy participants. Using the Cannabis Experience Questionnaire, information was gathered on subjects' past use of cannabis, stimulants and other recreational drugs.
Each participant underwent a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique known as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), which allowed the researchers to closely analyze their brain structure.
Specifically, the team assessed the corpus callosum - a white matter structure that connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain, allowing communication between the two. The team notes that this brain region has lots of cannabinoid receptors, which THC targets.
The researchers found that participants who had a history of frequent high-potency skunk use demonstrated much higher mean-diffusivity (MD) in the corpus callosum - a marker of white matter damage - than low-potency users and those who used the drug occasionally. What is more, this association was found in subjects both with and without psychosis.
Commenting on the results, Dr. Dazzan says:
"We found that frequent use of high-potency cannabis significantly affects the structure of white matter fibers in the brain, whether you have psychosis or not. This reflects a sliding scale where the more cannabis you smoke and the higher the potency, the worse the damage will be."
Based on the findings of this study and others showing how cannabis may damage the brain, Dr. Dazzan says there is an "urgent need" to educate health professionals, policymakers and the general public about the health risks that may arise with cannabis use.
Medical News Today recently reported on a study suggesting marijuana users are at greater risk of stroke caused by intracranial arterial stenosis - the narrowing of an artery inside the brain.

source: Medicalnewstoday.com